Wine Industry Equity and Justice Pledge
Part One: Introduction
This Wine Industry Equity and Justice Pledge is an update of the original Pledge from 2019. The systemic racial inequities and lack of concern for Black lives - underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing police executions of Black people - present a need for this revision. Every facet of American society must come to terms with its White supremacist past, and the wine industry is no different. White supremacy, male dominance, and heterosexism play out in specific ways in every sector of our field, creating discrimination and bias towards multiple communities: Black, Indigenous, Brown and Asian people, women, trans, and non-binary genders and the LGBTQ+ community, immigrants, migrant workers, people over 40, differently-abled and formerly incarcerated individuals.
To get to the roots of inequity in the wine industry, we must take significant actions and make our places of business and the field we work in fair and just. We are trying to create a community where all who participate are free to do so and have the opportunity to thrive. This Pledge is not meant to serve as a quick fix but to set a blueprint for substantive efforts we must take to make the wine industry a gold standard for fairness and equity.
Why sign this Pledge?
Signing this pledge shows your commitment to equity, fairness, and fighting discrimination and for justice in the wine industry. As you will be required to go through a one-hour Pledge review session and asked to provide accountability, the public will know you are taking meaningful action. Adding your name and that of your business will set an example for others, both in and outside the wine industry. There are many pressing issues facing our world right now, and it might seem overwhelming, but in the wine industry, YOU CAN HAVE AN IMPACT.
We are asking everyone to read all of the sections on what informed this Pledge carefully. All signatories will be sent a statement of accountability three months after signing and yearly after that, to guarantee compliance. As businesses are run by human beings, they are not always perfect; however, major breaches may result in having your name removed from the pledge.
Part Two - Definitions
What is a workplace?
A Wine Workplace, whether physical or virtual, can include but is not limited to an office, restaurant, wine store, wine bar, wine tasting, vehicles used for work, social media, and communication that involves professional matters.
What is a safe space?
● A Safe Space is a balanced, healthy space where all people feel valued and respected.
● Wine is different from other industries because it revolves around an alcoholic beverage that can affect people's behavior. Therefore, it is incumbent on all wine businesses to have policies that:
1) safeguards alcohol abuse that can lead to violence, sexual assault, sexual harassment, bullying, and other forms of abusive behavior
2) take action including but not limited to protecting the victim and removing the offender from the workplace.
● Take into account that safety for BlPOC, women, LGBTQIA+, migrant workers, immigrants, and other marginalized groups is different from safety for cisgender White men. We are calling for the creation not only of spaces that ensure physical and emotional well-being but also brave spaces.
What is a brave workplace?
● A brave workplace puts people over profits and is willing to utilize its privileges and resources, not just when it's comfortable or profitable.
● Brave spaces give workers room to express dissent without fear of retaliation.
● Brave workplaces are spaces where employers and co-workers dare to speak out against oppressive state-sanctioned violent forces and jurisdiction that violate the humanity of their employees, even (and especially) when their business is at stake.
● A brave space protects BIPOC, LGBTQIA+, and all marginalized peoples from law enforcement, ICE, and other government disciplinary agencies and limits involvement with them.
What is a marginalized group?
● A marginalized group is a community that experiences exclusion (social, political, economic) and discrimination due to unequal power relationships.
What is White supremacy?
● White supremacy is an ideological belief that White people, and their culture, are superior to non-White people (especially Black people) and their respective cultures. It justifies dominance and violence against non-White people/people of color.
● From the earliest European settlements in the United States, White, Christian, heteropatriarchal mores were imposed on and continue to be imposed on marginalized groups, creating the current hegemonic culture we have now.
How does White supremacy affect the wine industry?
● White supremacy is passed down through culture and reinforced through institutional policies and infiltrates every industry. Some areas affected in the wine industry include but are not limited to employment, advancement, and social media.
What is racism?
● Racism is when a group has the power to enforce systemic discrimination through the policies and practices of their society and the ability to influence cultural beliefs and values that reinforce discrimination.
● Racism can be overt and covert.
o Overt racism is unconcealed and observable and includes racial slurs, threats, violence, abuse, and property damage directed towards BIPOC.
o Covert racism is concealed and implicit and takes form in stereotyping, color-blind racism, tokenism, cultural and religious marginalization, racial microaggressions, and cultural appropriation.
How does racism affect the wine industry?
● Not hiring or promoting BIPOC.
● Treating customers differently because of their perceived race.
● Racial slurs made by wine professionals.
● Importers, distributors, and buyers who knowingly work with racist winemakers.
● Colorism, which serves to determine a person's value, especially in Blackness, but with POC across the board, privileges those with a lighter complexion. Those with darker skin and non-European features are paid less, treated more harshly, are more likely to be perceived as angry or hardened, or less knowledgeable.
● Tokenism, the symbolic inclusion of one or a small number of BIPOC, is a duplicitous tactic to make businesses seem woke instead of making substantial efforts to create inclusion and diversity.
● Stereotyping and essentializing that strips people of their individuality.
● Racial microaggressions such as comments and assumptions that BIPOC are not in a position of management, authority, or know about wine.
● Cultural appropriation such as exploiting BIPOC cultural signifiers for-profit and branding.
What is anti-Blackness?
● Anti-Blackness is a core tenet of a White supremacist society, wherein Black lives are deemed less valuable than those of White people. However, they are valued as property or commodified labor.
● Anti-Blackness is embedded in White supremacy due to widespread European imperialism, colonialism, the non-consensual diaspora of millions of Indigenous West Africans, capitalism, and the modern prison industrial complex (aka legalized slavery).
● The demonization of Blackness in opposition to Whiteness posited Black people as less than human, and therefore as inherently "slaveable," which continues to this day.
● Anti-Blackness is a global cultural unifier, and it is crucial to acknowledge and identify how anti-Blackness manifests in communities of color. All POC do not experience racism the same way, and some POC also perpetuate anti-Blackness due to proximity to Whiteness, complicity, or ignorance.
How does anti-Blackness affect the wine industry?
● In the wine industry, covert anti-Blackness occurs when a person questions an individual's authority, knowledge, and/or skill level simply because they're Black. Example: A sales representative or guest is offered assistance by a Black associate and immediately asks for the "actual" buyer, owner, or sommelier.
● Many qualified individuals are passed over for top positions because they don't have the right "look," while less competent, more connected White colleagues are allowed to advance.
● Black customers are assumed to be bad tippers whose palates only understand sweet wines.
● Supporting winemakers who make anti-Black statements, as well as their importers.
● Delayed response by wine certifying bodies such as the CMS/WSET/Guildsomm, to make any statements about racism or Black Lives Matter.
● The continual use of the term "Master" by the Court of Master Sommeliers and Master of Wine programs.
● Anti-Blackness in the wine industry goes back to at least the 18th century when White grape growers forced Black slaves to work in Virginia's vineyards. Denying this history perpetuates anti-Blackness.
In addition to anti-Blackness, racism directed toward specific groups impacts the wine industry in numerous ways:
● Latinx people, including citizens and non-citizens, are stereotyped as "Illegals" and criminals, creating an atmosphere of mistrust and condescension that dehumanizes workers.
● Migrant and other vineyard workers, many who are Latinx and/or Indigenous, are not valued for their potential and given opportunities for advancement.
● Low wages that do not meet the cost of living, especially in jobs performed by Latinx and Indigenous workers such as vineyard work, kitchen work, and janitorial services.
● Lack of healthcare coverage for seasonal workers, many of who are migrant laborers and Latinx, and/or Indigenous.
● Using Indigenous land for wine businesses.
● Stereotyping of Indigenous people as alcoholics.
● Stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans as not being able to handle alcohol.
● Omitting the exploitation of and contributions made by enslaved BIPOC and Asian Americans in the building of California's wine industry.
● The glorification of White European wine history in the United States.
● Dismissing the history of colonization of Indigenous land for wine growing and other wine business activities.
What is colonialism?
● Colonialism is the subjugation of one group of people by another through political, cultural, and economic control (usually achieved through violent means - i.e., military conquest, genocide, cultural assimilation, etc.)
● The idea that a hegemonic group is entitled to land, labor, and resources of marginalized groups.
How does/did colonialism affect the wine industry?
● The continual occupation of Indigenous land, planting vineyards, and profiting off of this land.
● The idea of "legal land ownership" of stolen land.
● The omission of colonization of Indigenous land in wine literature.
● European settlers and missionaries brought European grapes to the Western Hemisphere and planted vineyards, depriving Indigenous people of their claims to the land.
● European missionaries imposing Christianity and actively participated in the genocide of the Indigenous population.
● The Indian Indenture Act of 1850 created a system that guaranteed free labor to White winemakers.
● Chinese immigrants who helped California's wine industry in the last part of the 19th century were poorly treated and paid, making 33% of the national average.
What is heteropatriarchy?
Heteropatriarchy rests on a gender binary system based on male domination. It is a deeply internalized misogynistic belief that cisgender male dominance is natural and inevitable.
● Heteropatriarchy enables all forms of racism, colonialism, homo and transphobia, and other forms of marginalization.
● Heteropatriarchy is deeply woven into our society's fabric, creating overwhelming implicit bias not only by men but also by women and non-binary people.
How does heteropatriarchy affect the wine industry?
● Not hiring, promoting, or giving equal pay to women, non-binary, transgender, lesbian, gay, or bisexual people.
● Not including women, non-binary, transgender, lesbian, gay, or bisexual identified people in professional settings.
● Mansplaining, interrupting, usurping, and dismissing women's knowledge or authority.
● Using social occasions where women, non-binary, transgender, lesbian, gay, or bisexual people are not present to foster business relationships and opportunities.
● Sidelining women and non-binary people who are perceived as too strong, smart, or independent.
● Not using correct pronouns or proper names.
● Violence ( including but not limited to sexual assault, rape, harassment) against women, non-binary, transgender, lesbian, gay, or bisexual people.
● Judging and hiring women because of the way they look, not their knowledge or experience.
What is sexual assault?
Sexual assault refers to sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the victim.
● Consent is a clear and unambiguous agreement to engage in a particular activity, expressed outwardly through mutually understandable words or actions.
● Consent is reciprocal and free of force.
● Minors cannot give consent.
● Someone incapacitated due to drugs, alcohol, or other substances use cannot give consent.
● What impacts consent?
● Force, which can be physical, psychological, or emotional impacts consent.
● Examples include but are not limited to grabbing, touching, manipulation, stalking, exposing oneself, holding someone down, using weapons, verbal threats, peer pressure, blackmail, guilt, and coercion.
● Power dynamics that exist in relationships between employee/employer or manager, salesperson/wine purchaser, delivery person/customer.
What is sexual harassment?
Sexual harassment in the workplace is prohibited by law. There are two types of sexual harassment: quid pro quo and a hostile work environment.
● Quid pro quo sexual harassment is when a term or condition of employment is contingent upon the acceptance of unwelcome sexual behavior.
● A hostile work environment arises when an employee experiences unwelcome physical or verbal harassment based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, or body type that is so severe or pervasive as to alter the employee's working conditions or create an abusive work situation.
What is the abuse of power?
● The abuse of power occurs when offenders use their position to control, manipulate, or take advantage of someone with less power.
● Prestige, elder status, institutional clout, or financial power does not grant anyone permission to be abusive.
How do sexual harassment and assault, and abuse of power play out in the wine industry?
● Derogatory or unwelcome comments about appearance, gender, or sexuality from owners, managers, colleagues, and customers.
● Tying tasting appointments/sales to unwanted sexual behavior.
● Pressuring colleagues, especially when there is a power imbalance, to engage in unwelcome sexual behavior.
● Continuing to work with wine industry professionals accused of sexual harassment, assault, or discrimination.
● Penalizing workers who have been sexually harassed or assaulted.
● Sexually taking advantage of intoxicated people.
● Using intoxication as an excuse for non-consensual sex.
What is ageism?
Ageism is the systemic discrimination of people based on age. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects certain applicants and employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination based on age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions, or employment privileges.
How does ageism affect the wine industry?
● Ageism affects people over 40, who have a more challenging time finding employment because they are deemed too old for certain positions. Agism is especially problematic in hospitality and retail, where there is a common belief that younger people, regardless of their qualifications, will attract more customers.
● Ageism also affects younger people, especially women, who are not taken seriously because of their perceived lack of knowledge.
What is classism?
Classism is not just oppressing people because of their lack of financial resources. It is also an institutional, cultural, and individual set of practices and beliefs that assign differential value to people according to their socioeconomic status.
How does classism affect the wine industry?
● Housing in many wine centers such as the Bay Area and New York City is costly, so those who do not have the financial or social capital are shut out of wine job markets.
● Certifying bodies such as the Court of Master Sommeliers, the Master of Wine Program, and the Wine and Spirits Education Trust are costly and beyond many wine professionals' financial reach.
● People who come from middle and upper-class backgrounds have greater access to capital - financial and social, and cultural - to start businesses and survive during economic downturns.
What is ableism?
Ableism is the discrimination and social prejudice against people with physical and psychological disabilities based on the belief that typical abilities are superior.
How does ableism affect the wine industry?
While wine industry production and other jobs require physical work, many do not, and we urge businesses to consider ways to create employment opportunities for differently-abled people.
● Workspaces are not conducive to the physical needs of those with disabilities.
● Assumptions are made about what people cannot do rather than see those who are differently-abled as having talents and strengths.
What is bullying?
Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone with power intentionally causes another person injury or discomfort. It occurs in many ways, including:
● Threats.
● Physical, verbal, and emotional harm.
● Using resources or power to intimidate.
● Gossiping.
● Lying.
How does bullying affect the wine industry?
● Marginalizing those who speak truth to power.
● Workers fear speaking up when they experience or witness discrimination, mistreatment, and abuse.
● Abusive social media conduct.
● Using financial, social, or cultural capital to pressure people into not challenging those in power, speaking up, or manipulating others for their own purposes.
What is intersectional oppression?
It's not uncommon for people to hold more than one marginalized identity. As humans, we are continually navigating the (often) uncomfortable challenges of those overlapping experiences. Intersectional oppression occurs when different axes of oppression merge, such as race and gender, age and gender, incarceration history, and race. We commonly see discrimination based on:
● Race (furthermore, colorism within race)
● Gender (extends to gender presentation/transphobia)
● Sexual Orientation
● Age
● Ability
● Beauty
● Socioeconomic Status/Class
● Immigration Status
● Ethnicity
● Religion
● Culture
● Incarceration History
● Educational Background
● Work History
● Fatphobia
How does intersectional oppression/privilege affect the wine industry?
● Urban displacement in major wine centers such as the Bay Area and New York City creates a less diverse workforce as it impacts lower-income people, especially BIPOC.
● Women over 40 have a more difficult time finding employment and job advancement.
● Lesbians are dismissed and excluded by heterosexual, cisgender men.
● Young, White people are hired for positions without having as much experience or competency as other job candidates.
Acknowledging the intersectional systemic and cultural barriers that have contributed to an individual's ongoing oppression is critical; if we're unable to recognize our peers' layered identities, we'll never be able to do the necessary work to fully support them.
What is equity?
● Equity is giving the resources marginalized communities need to survive and succeed.
● Equity is giving workers a say in business operations and a stake in profits.
● Equity is fairness in treatment, access, opportunity, and advancement for all people while dismantling the obstacles that have stopped marginalized groups from participating fully.
● Equity is recognizing that an individual may need something different to maintain fairness and access.
What is environmental justice?
Environmental justice promotes environmental, economic, and social justice by recognizing the direct link between economic, ecological, and health issues and demanding a safe, clean community and workplace environment.
● Environmental racism is the disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on people of color.
● Environmental justice affirms the sacredness of the earth, ecological unity and the interdependence of all species, and the right to be free from environmental destruction.
How does environmental justice impact the wine industry?
● The use of Roundup and other pesticides harms vineyard workers, who are disproportionately Latinx and BIPOC.
● Destruction of ecosystems.
● Theft of Indigenous land.
● Gentrification that deprives local populations of a safe environment.
This Pledge is based on the collective efforts of Haley Bash, Megan Bell, Samantha Brown, Pamela Busch, Barbara Haimes, Marlen Porter, Zev Rovine, and Gina Schober, Sherry Zhong, and other wine industry, social justice, and legal professionals. We also want to credit We Have a Voice Collective, a group of women in the jazz industry for creating the original template, and the writings of Lee Anne Bell, Kimberly Crenshaw, Angela Davis, Michael S. Funk, bell hooks, Khyati Y. Joshi, Layla F. Saad, Marjorie Valdivia, and others.
Part Three: The Pledge
THE FOLLOWING WINE INDUSTRY EQUITY AND JUSTICE PLEDGE:
● PROMOTES ZERO TOLERANCE FOR DISCRIMINATION OR HARASSMENT OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO UNEQUAL PAY, HIRING PRACTICES, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, AND BULLYING. THE COMMITMENTS AND DEFINITIONS HEREIN PROMOTE THE CREATION AND STRENGTHENING OF WORKSPACES THAT UPHOLD THE EQUITABLE TREATMENT OF ALL PEOPLE REGARDLESS OF THEIR VARIOUS IDENTITIES AND POSITIONALITIES, INCLUDING RACE, GENDER IDENTITY, SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND IDENTITY, AGE, ABILITY, ETHNICITY, CULTURE, IMMIGRATION STATUS, CLASS POSITION AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND, ABILITY, PAST INCARCERATION AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS IN ALL WINE BUSINESS WORKPLACES.
● ACKNOWLEDGES THAT THE HISTORY OF WORKING INDIVIDUALS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY HAS INCLUDED DISCRIMINATION AND BEHAVIORS MOST OF US WOULD CONDEMN, GROUNDED IN STRUCTURAL WHITE SUPREMACY, MALE DOMINANCE, AND HETEROSEXISM. IN MANY CASES, THIS HAS IMPACTED CAREERS AND MADE THE PATH TO SUCCESS MORE DIFFICULT FOR SOME THAN FOR OTHERS AND CREATED BARRIERS TO EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES.
● CALLS FOR THOSE WITH ADVANTAGES TO GIVE SOMETHING UP AND THAT WE, AS WINE INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS, UNDERSTAND THAT WE MUST SHARE OUR ASSETS WITH THOSE WHO ARE LESS PRIVILEGED.
● MARKS THE BEGINNING OF A MOVEMENT TO DISPLACE WHITE, HETEROPATRIARCHAL STRUCTURES WITH A NEW WAY OF DOING BUSINESS THAT PRIORITIZES WORKERS' RIGHTS, UPLIFTING MARGINALIZED COMMUNITIES, ADDRESSING INTERSECTIONAL OPPRESSION, GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, AND NOT LEAST, EQUITY.
HOW CAN WE COMMIT TO CREATING EQUITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE AND COMBATTING RACISM IN THE WINE INDUSTRY?
BUSINESS PRACTICES
● FOSTER DIVERSITY in your role as owner, manager, or supervisor through HIRING PRACTICES. All people benefit when wine industry spaces are diverse in race, gender identity, age, ability, ethnicity, culture, immigration status, sexual orientation and identity, class position and economic background, and religious belief and affiliation.
● CREATE AN INCLUSIVE CULTURE so that Black, Indigenous, Brown and Asian people, women, trans, and non-binary genders and the LGBTQ+ community, people over 40, immigrants, migrant workers, differently-abled and formerly incarcerated individuals feel a sense of belonging.
● FOSTER LEADERSHIP amongst directly oppressed and impacted groups through mentorship, recruiting, and equity.
● COMMUNICATE your business's anti-racist, anti-discrimination, and anti-harassment policies and protocol clearly and in writing to workers, partners, and associates at the outset of any professional relationship.
● DO NOT ASK job applicants if they have been convicted of a crime or use background checks on past criminal or financial history.
● CREATE GENDER PARITY in our workspaces within six months of signing this Pledge.
● CREATE MECHANISMS and/or designate persons in your workplace to provide support when needed, allowing people to raise their concerns without fear of retaliation. Listen and respond in a way that safeguards the position of those speaking up.
● LEARNING AND ACKNOWLEDGING Indigenous names of wine regions.
● COMMIT TO DOING BUSINESS WITH COMPANIES AND INDIVIDUALS that do not engage in discriminatory or abusive conduct, including:
o Hate speech as defined by the UN Strategy and Plan on Hate Speech. (Any kind of communication in speech, writing or behavior, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language regarding a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, color, descent, gender or other identity factors).
o Sexually assaulting or harassing other industry professionals or consumers in any professional setting, including wine tastings.
o Mistreating or discriminating against their workers or customers based on race, gender identity, age, ability, ethnicity, culture, immigration status, sexual orientation and identity, class position and economic background, and religious belief and affiliation. Not only are these are antithetical to our values as wine professionals, but they are also illegal as inscribed in:
▪ Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
▪ The Pregnancy Discrimination Act.
▪ The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA).
▪ The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA).
▪ Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).
● FOSTER PARTNERSHIPS and relationships with other businesses that adopt and enforce this Pledge.
ALLYSHIP
● TAKE ACCOUNT OF OUR IMPLICIT BIASES and how they might influence the way we treat co-workers and customers.
● DO NOT EXPECT colleagues of color to do the emotional work or lead anti-racist efforts.
● DO NOT CALL ICE OR THE POLICE when there is a possibility of causing harm. Black/Brown/Indigenous people are disproportionately impacted by government and police violence.
● DO NOT CALL ICE OR THE POLICE when there is a dispute that might involve an undocumented worker.
● BEING MINDFUL OF RESIDENTS if you own or run a business in a gentrified/gentrifying area.
● SPEAK UP, SEEK SUPPORT, OR ASK FOR HELP when witnessing, experiencing, or suspecting any form of harassment, assault, or discrimination against other wine professionals or customers. Your silence may enable an abusive situation.
GIVING BACK AND GIVING UP
● DONATING AT LEAST ONE PERCENT of business profits to One Percent for the Planet, organizations that benefit BIPOC, or PARTNERING WITH an ongoing program with a BIPOC organization providing another form of restitution.
● CREATING MENTORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES based on respect and mutual learning.
● USE YOUR PRIVILEGES to give others access to financial, social, and cultural capital.
● SHARING KNOWLEDGE with all staff members and allowing them to taste wines you make or participate in tastings with distributors and winemakers.
ANTI-BULLYING
● USE SOCIAL MEDIA TO SUPPORT OUR COLLEAGUES. Refrain from name-calling, spreading gossip, falsehoods or rumors, discussing personal lives, and other retaliatory behaviors on-line.
● CANCELLING OTHER WINE PROFESSIONALS ONLY IN EXTREME CASES such as sexual assault, unrepentant hate speech, and unaddressed discriminatory hiring practices.
● SUPPORTING WHISTLEBLOWERS who call out inequities in the wine industry.
● SUPPORTING WRONGFULLY TERMINATED WORKERS.
● USE YOUR POWER AND PRIVILEGE TO EMPOWER and create opportunities for our colleagues. DO NOT manipulate, strong arm, or harm the careers or reputations of other wine industry professionals.
EQUITY
● PAY A LIVING WAGE
● PROVIDE FREE OR LOW-COST HEALTH CARE coverage for ALL workers, including seasonal labor.
● PROVIDE EQUITY with bonuses, commission, or profit
● OFFER PAID SICK and personal days to ALL workers.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND PRESERVATION
● BUYING FROM GROWERS that employ natural farming methods or are transitioning to regenerative agriculture.
● PLANTING AND FARMING VINEYARDS without the use of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or any synthetic chemicals. Specifically, NOT USING ROUNDUP.
● MINIMIZING WATER USAGE.
● SHARING VINEYARD LAND with Indigenous farmers at no cost.
● BEING MINDFUL OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT on local communities in rural and urban areas.
Everyone who signs this Pledge agrees to do their part in creating equitable, anti-racist, and brave spaces in their work lives. Signing this Pledge is just a first step.